In colorectal cancer (CRC), the presence and extent of regional lymph node involvement significantly influence prognosis and guide postoperative treatment decisions. Alongside the traditional nodal assessment, factors such as micrometastases and extramural tumor deposits have emerged as critical determinants of patient outcomes. This article offers a thorough analysis of these

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a heterogeneous disease with complex molecular underpinnings. In recent years, research has elucidated a variety of molecular features that influence both the prognosis and treatment response of patients with CRC. These biomarkers not only help stratify risk but also guide therapeutic decisions, particularly in the era

Gross Morphology Colorectal cancers, while all originating from either adenomatous polyps or flat dysplastic lesions, demonstrate distinct gross morphologies depending on their anatomical location. In the right (proximal) colon, tumors commonly present as polypoid or fungating exophytic masses. These growths may not cause overt symptoms initially, but chronic occult bleeding

Global Overview Worldwide prevalence: CRC is the 3rd most common cancer in males and the 2nd most common in females globally (WHO GLOBOCAN database). Incidence and mortality are consistently higher in males than females. United States Statistics Annual cases: ~154,000 new cases of large bowel cancer. Includes ~107,000 cases of

Staging in colorectal cancer (CRC) is critical to determining the extent of disease, guiding treatment decisions, and establishing prognosis. Once a diagnosis is confirmed, a structured evaluation must be performed to assess local and distant spread before deciding on further management. This comprehensive guide integrates all essential components of CRC

The process of diagnosing colorectal cancer (CRC) involves a combination of histopathologic analysis, endoscopic evaluation, radiologic imaging, and selective laboratory testing. Accurate and timely identification is essential for optimal treatment and improved patient outcomes. This article provides a detailed overview of the initial investigations used to diagnose CRC, incorporating all